The use of “Less”

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The word less is confused in more than one way. Please note the examples: 
less used with quantities that cannot be counted
fewer used with nouns that can be counted
 

Examples  

Fewer students are signing up for courses in math and science.
They prefer courses requiring less study time.
less not as much in quantity (less and a singular noun)
fewer not as much in number (fewer and a plural noun)
fewest the smallest in number (fewest and a plural noun)
least the smallest in quantity (least and a singular noun)
 

Examples  

There is less opportunity to study Latin in public schools today than in the past.
There are fewer students signed up for Latin class this term.
This Latin class has the least chance of remaining part of the curriculum.
The fewest number of students signed up for Latin class this year.
less smaller in amount or extent; lower in rank
lesser not great in value, quantity, or size
 

Examples  

I put less sugar in the tea.
I was moved to a less prominent position.
Joyce Kilmer is considered one of the lesser poets.
Joyce Kilmer is a lesser-known poet.

Confusable words: steel vs steal

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steel metal alloy of iron and carbon (noun); to brace (verb)
steal to rob
 

Examples  

Robin Hood liked to steal from the rich and give to the poor.
The steel girders on the bridge make it strong enough to bear thousands of pounds.
Steel yourself, here comes trouble.

Confusable words: Affect vs Effect

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affect to influence, to pretend (verbs); feeling (noun)
effect a result; being in operation (nouns); to make happen (verb)
 

Examples  

Self-concept affects learning.1
She affected intellectualism by wearing glasses and using long words
Her affect is always sour in the morning.
One effect of lunar gravity is tides.
The new state income tax was in effect last fall.
The president effected a new policy on international trade.
Notes 1
Most often affect is used as a verb and effect is used as a noun. Something that affects you will have an effect on you.

Confusable words: anger, fury, rage

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Your feel  anger when someone does something that is cruel or that frustrates you. You can feel anger  about things like insults or delays.  

Impatience is the firts reaction against a setback and can soon turn to anger if you are not careful.

There was anger at the suffering inflicted by the bombing.

 If you feel fury or rage, you have intense feelings of anger whiich are hard to control and can be violent. You can also be “ in a fury” or “ in a rage”.

 I nearly smashed the phone in fury.

In a rage I went to his desk, took all his books and hurled them out of the window

Colloquial Expressions

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1) What were you doing the last time you were rushed off your feet?


2) Do you tend to make heavy weather of jobs you don’t want to do or are you the type that gets them done as quickly as possible?
 
 

 

3) Do you mind doing the donkey work or do you prefer something more challenging?

 

Vocabulario: Economia y Comercio P-V

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Pagar en efectivo  

To pay in cash  

Poder adquisitivo  

Purchasing power ; Buying power  

Precio  

Price  

Precio al contado  

Cash price  

Precio al por mayor  

Wholesale price  

Precio al por menor  

Retail price  

Precio de coste  

Cost price  

Precio de fábrica  

Factory price; Manufacturer’s price  

Precio fijo  

Fixed price  

Prestamista  

Lender  

Préstamo  

Borrowing  

Préstamo; Prestar  

Loan  

Préstamo a corto , largo y medio plazo  

Short, long, medium term loan  

Prestatario  

Borrower  

Presupuesto  

Budget  

Producción  

Output ; Production  

Productividad  

Productivity  

Recaudador de impuestos  

Tax collector  

Saldo de caja  

Cash balance  

Seguro  

Insurance  

Situación económica  

Economic situation  

Subdesarrollo  

Underdevelopment  

Subsidio; Subvención  

Allowance; Grant ; Subsidy  

Talonario de cheques  

Chequebook (U.K) ; Check book (USA)  

Tipo de interés  

Rate of interest  

Título; Valor  

Security; Stock  

Transferencia  

Transfer  

Vencimiento  

Maturity  

Vendedor  

Dealer  

Venta  

Sale  

Venta a plazos  

Hire-purchase (U.K) ; Instalment plan USA)  

Venta al contado  

Cash sale  

Vocabulario: Economia y Comercio L-O

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Libre de impuesto  

Tax-free  

Libro de caja  

Cashbook  

Libro de contabilidad  

Account book  

Marca ragistrada  

Trademark  

Margen de beneficio  

Profit margin  

Mayorista  

Wholesaler  

Mercado  

Market  

Mercado libre  

Open market  

Mercado negro, estraperlo  

Black market  

Minorista  

Retailer  

Moneda nacional  

Domestic   

Monopolio  

Monopoly  

Nivel de vida  

Standard of living  

Obligación  

Bond  

Oferta  

Offer  

Operación comercial  

Commercial  

Vocabulario: Economia y Comercio G-I

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Ganancias 

Earnings 

Gastos 

Expenses; Expenditure; Outgoings 

Gastos diversos 

Miscellaneous costs 

Gastos fijos 

Fixed costs 

Gastos generales 

Overhead expenses 

Gastos imprevistos 

Contingent expenses; contingencies 

Giro 

Drawing 

Hipoteca 

Mortgage 

Holding 

Holding company 

Importación 

Import; Importation 

Importador 

Importer 

Impuesto 

Duty 

Impuesto sobre la renta 

Income tax 

Indice de crecimiento 

Rate of growth 

Infraestructura 

Infrastructure 

Ingresos; Renta 

Income 

Interés; Rédito 

Interest 

Intermediario 

Middleman 

Inventario 

Inventory; Stocktaking 

Inversion 

Investment 

Inversionista 

Investor 

Vocabulario: Economia y Comercio: E-F

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Economía 

Economic 

Economista 

Economist 

Efectivo en caja 

Cash on hand 

En vías de desarrollo 

Developing 

Escasez 

Scarcity 

Especulación 

Speculation 

Estado de cuentas 

Statement of accounts 

Estancamiento 

Stagnation 

Existencias 

Stocks 

Exportación 

Export; Exportation 

Exportador 

Exporter 

Fabricante 

Manufacturer 

Fisco; hacienda 

Fiscal authorities 

Fluctuación 

Economic fluctuation 

Fuga de capitales 

Capital flight 

Vocabulario: Economia y comercio: C-D

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Capital

Capital

Capital congelado

Frozen capital

Capital disponible

Available capital

Capital fijo

Fixed assets

Capital inicial

Initial capital

Cheque

Cheque (U.K) ; Check (USA)

Cheque al portador

Bearer cheque; Cheque payable to bearer

Cheque cruzado

Crossed cheque

Comercialización

Marketing

Comerciante

Merchant; Tradesman

Comercio

Commerce; Trade; trading

Comercio exterior

Foreign

Comercio internacional

International Trade

Comercio nacional o interior

Domestic

Competencia

Competition

Compra

Purchase

Comprador

Buyer

Consumidor

Consumer

Consumo

Consumption

Contabilidad

Accounting; Bookkeeping

Contable

Accountant; Bookkeeper

Contribuyente

Taxpayer

Cotización

Quotation

Coyuntura

Economic trend

Crédito

Credit

Cuentacorriente

Current account (U.K) ; Checking account (USA)

Deflación

Deflation

Demanda

Demand

Descuento

Discount

Deudor

Debtor

Devaluación

Devaluation

Dinero

Money

Dinero efectivo o en metálico

Cash

Dinero suelto; Cambio

Change

Dividendo

Dividend

Domicilio social

Registered; Head office

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